Subjugation of Freedom in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest free essay sample

The Subjugation of Freedom in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Ken Kesey’s book, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, is a multi-faceted work incorporating many thematic elements. One of the most easily addressable themes is that of freedom and its limitations placed upon the characters in the novel. Many types of freedoms are addressed ranging from the tangible and real to the perceived and implied. The setting primarily takes place in a mental hospital on a locked ward which limits the characters’ physical freedoms. The characters are constantly coerced and demeaned by the antagonist Ms. Ratched which limits their mental freedoms. Beneath all is a subtext of sexual repression which is constantly fought against by McMurphy. Individually, each of these subjugations might be tolerated given exclusions to the others, but together they weigh down the men to the point where their complete lack of freedom almost becomes a comfort. We will write a custom essay sample on Subjugation of Freedom in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mental hospitals are typically secure facilities intended to provide a place for patients, whose symptoms range from minor to severe, to be secured and not be a danger to the rest of society while treatment is applied. The manner in which the patients are described in the story indicates that they are not severe mental cases but are those who are unable to function in society at large due to idiosyncrasies and minor hang-ups, yet they are housed in a ward where they are kept under lock and key, their movement is restricted to one day-room, and their activities are on a strictly regulated time-table. Most of the men have given up their physical freedom voluntarily with the expectation of treatment, mental healing and the eventual release back into society. McMurphy, on the other hand, was committed by the state and his sentence depends on the opinion of the Big Nurse, though he doesn’t realize this right away. Nurse Ratched does not resort to physical touch herself and instead uses the three ward aides to perform her physical brutality for her. McMurphy’s eventual goal is to get the other men out of the ward as much as possible because they have become too accustom to it. To do so all at once would likely be too great a shock so McMurphy starts inside the hospital with simply moving the group to another day room. Gradually, they are able to spend more time out of the ward with activities like basketball and the pool. The culmination of their unconventional therapy is the fishing trip where the men re-learn what real life outside the hospital can be like. Nurse Ratched doesn’t resort to physicality with the patients. She much prefers mental control and the main focus for her efforts of control. She has become a master of subtlety and misdirection. Before McMurphy arrives she has the men eager and willing to tattle on each other for tiny rewards. This information is then used in group therapy sessions where the idea is that the men can rely on each other for strength and the group will help lift them up, grow stronger and heal. What actually happens is each man takes it in turn to be attacked by the others for their faults. This is all orchestrated masterfully by Nurse Ratched who has but to ask a few simple pointed questions to get the fire burning. When she isn’t using the men’s own minds against them she drugs them to keep their thoughts slow, to keep them unmotivated and to keep them calm. Also in her arsenal is the threat of maximum mental punishment through shock therapy and lobotomy. Her technique is so perfectly insidious that the men work their hardest to please her to the detriment of each other and ultimately their own selves. She is able to perpetually keep the men in a state where they believe they need her and the hospitals help. Sex is used in the novel as a representation of total freedom. Its exercise is almost always portrayed by McMurphy who, through his general demeanor and newness to the hospital, is the most free, sexually, of any of the men. He is so free, that it has gotten him into trouble as he only seems to be able to act on impulse. Society is not able to deal with his complete abandon and he is eventually punished for it by having a piece of his brain removed. The rest of the men are all repressed mostly due to some problem they’ve had with the women in their lives. In fact, it is their inability to deal with women that brought them to the hospital in the first place. Women are portrayed throughout the book as the root of all men’s problems. Nurse Ratched is the penultimate figure of sexual repression. She does not acknowledge her femininity but hides it successfully, but for her bosom, beneath her sterile, pressed uniform. She is cold toward the men offering no real compassion and serves only to aggravate the men’s issues with women in general. Her power is finally stripped from her, quite literally, when McMurphy rips open her uniform revealing her breasts, the symbol of femininity; she is a woman after all. Limiting or removing freedom boils down to control. Those who restrict freedoms wish to exercise control upon those whose freedoms have been infringed. In the story, the restriction of all freedoms is personified and executed by the â€Å"Big Nurse,† Ms. Ratched. She symbolizes all forms of repression and is the face of the societal machine, whose purpose is to remove individuality and replace self-restraint with group shame. The implication Kesey suggests is that when a person isn’t free to move, free to think, or free to love then they cannot be a valuable, functioning member of society. Works Cited Kesey, Ken. One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, a Novel. New York: Viking, 1962. Print.

indespinsable man essays

indespinsable man essays Our first president, George Washington, was indispensable for a number of reasons. In the book, Washington The Indispensable Man, James Thomas Flexnor points out many of the reasons he is indispensable, such as the fact that he never quit, he let his slaves go, he wouldnt side with the British or the French, and he didnt accept being president for the third term. These points may not seem to show his indispensability, but if Washington wasnt our first president who knows where we would be right now (probably be speaking French or in tyranny). Washington was criticized for a lot of things he did, and he was also thanked for everything later. When he would get criticized for something he wouldnt quit or give in to what they want because they criticized him. During the Jay treaty Thomas Paine insults Washington in a peroration saying, As to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you abandoned good principles or whether you had any. pg.354. Even when all odds are against him in criticism he wouldnt even be phased, and stand his ground. When Jefferson said, he got into one of those passions when he cannot command himself, ran on much on the personal abuse which had been bestowed on him, defied any man on earth to produce one single act of his since he had been in the government which was not done on the purest motives. pg.295. Washington said, he would rather be in his grave than be in his present situation. That he had rather be on his farm than to be made emperor of the world, and yet that they were charging him with wanting to be king. pg.295. The most indispensable accomplishment of Washington ...

Assignment 1 (Mineral Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) Case Study

Assignment 1 (Mineral Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) - Case Study Example Introduction of RSPT would lead to reduction in the income tax but it was expected that such would not lead to the reduction in revenue, since the decrease in tax would encourage companies to undertake more projects which would lead to rise in the revenue. This increase in revenue would be utilized by the government of Australia for bringing about infrastructure development in the country. The Australian Government decided to provide the resource entities with a refundable credit for the royalties paid by them in the previous years, so that the mining companies receive an extra relaxation on their taxation policies and they are encouraged towards revenue generation. Introduction The Australian Government accepted the proposal of the Australia’s Future Tax System Review to introduce a tax charge on the resource rents and the super profits earned by the mining companies from the exploitation of the non-renewable resources of Australia. This new tax policy will be known as Resour ce Super Profits Tax (RSPT). The RSPT would provide the community of Australia with a share of income that will be derived from the extraction and sale of non-renewable resources of Australia in countries all over the world. ... The RSPT was replaced by the Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) in late June 2010 because of a resulting controversy in terms of RSPT. The objective of the government in the implementation of the MRRT policy was same as that of the RSPT, along with an additional objective to overcome the controversies and adverse affect faced on the implementation of the RSPT. The area of consideration of the MRRT was limited than the RSPT, which increased its relevance and brought efficiency. The MRRT policies received support from mining unions such as Forestry, Energy Union, Construction and Mining, Australian Greens, and from the Australian Council of trade Unions. The new policy led to the reduction in tax for the mining companies, thus fulfilling one of the objectives with which the policy was introduced. Answer 1. The main features of Resources Super Profit Tax are- The nominal tax rate of 40% on assessable resource profits is applicable. The tax is to be imposed on revenue earned after deducti ng the allowance for capital expenditure. The tax is to be imposed on profits above the normal rate of return, which is determined to be 6%, being the risk-free long term bond rate. To compensate for the higher risk that is involved in the mining ventures, losses on abandoned projects were to be refunded at the mirror rate of 40% of the loss suffered (Kreiser, et al., p.227). Features of Minerals resource rent tax (MRRT) are- The proposed MRRT will apply to the coal and iron ore projects in Australia from 1st July, 2012 at 30% rate. The projects will be entitled to an extraction allowance of 25% which shall reduce the taxable profits subject to the MRRT. MRRT liability will not apply to

Review of Tesco Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words - 1

Review of Tesco Strategy - Essay Example This is mainly due to the presence of numerous rival players, with varying product lines and services. Due to which, the bargaining power of the customers and suppliers is increasing at a rapid pace thereby amplifying the rate of switchover costs. Similarly, the food and beverage retailing segment is the largest and extremely competitive industry in the market of United Kingdom. The prime reason behind it is the presence of numerous existing players such as ASDA, Sainsbury, Tesco Plc and many others. As a result, the retail segment offered approximately 12 percent to gross domestic product (GDP) of the nation that amplified its economic standard and image in the entire globe among others. Apart from this, the retail segment also proved effective in presenting employment to almost 3.5 million educated citizens that reduced the rate of poverty and unemployment significantly. This proved extremely effective for the nation that enhanced its portfolio and equity in the market among others . Tesco Plc is recognised as one of the reputed international grocery and merchandise retailer in the market of United Kingdom. It includes more than 2318 stores in the entire globe comprising of 472000 experienced staffs to assist the customers in their purchases. It has positioned itself as the third largest retailer in the market of United Kingdom thereby comprising of a market share of 40 percent among many other rival contenders. It is mainly due to wide range of product lines such as clothes, electronics, financial services, and telecoms, furniture’s, healthcare products, retailing, pet products, DVD, CD, internet services and many others. Due to which, its total revenue, net income and operating income increased by  £60.93 billion,  £2.67 billion and  £3.87 billion in the year 2010-2011. The company of Tesco Plc mainly operates under the banners, named: Extra, Supermarket, Metro and Express. This essay mainly highlights the strategies implemented by the

Breyer Meat Packing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Breyer Meat Packing Case Study - Essay Example 14). Awareness of the details surrounding the cumulative trauma disorder would assist in informing the employees and the employer that â€Å"carpal tunnel syndrome is the disorder most commonly reported for this industry and is caused by repeated bending of the wrist combined with gripping, squeezing, and twisting motions. A swelling in the wrist joint causes pressure on a nerve in the wrist. Early symptoms of the disease are tingling sensations in the thumbs and in the index and middle fingers. Experience has shown that if workers ignore these symptoms, sometimes misdiagnosed as arthritis, they could experience permanent weakness and numbness in the hand coupled with severe pain in the hands, elbows, and shoulders† (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, N.D., par. 15). Question #2:  Ã‚  Assume  OSHA is  applicable.   Provide two (2) specific  recommendations to address the issue.

Concept Of Citizenship To A Global View Politics Essay

Concept Of Citizenship To A Global View Politics Essay Global citizenship aims at bringing the concept of citizenship to a global view. it is a term used to cover political, economic, environmental and social actions of global minded people, as well as communities on a global perspective. It is a concept that is aimed at helping people understand the ever changing world. As a concept, global citizenship has a great appeal. It is thus sought by various institutions in an effort to promote world peace and make people responsible global citizens. Due to its world wide scale, global citizenship has other diverse definitions depending on the area of study. This paper focuses on explaining the concept of global citizenship as used in education and business. Global Citizenship Global citizenship can be explained from various points of view. From a personal perspective, global citizenship involves awareness of self as well as awareness of others. According to McIntosh, global citizenship is the ability to view oneself with regard to ones role in the wider world. Additionally, global citizenship emphasizes on the importance of balancing the awareness of ones self realities with the realities of others who are outside ones perceived self. This is an individual dimension, which focus on gaining a reflective understanding for others as well as showing empathy to them. Therefore, this is the starting point to becoming a global citizen from an individual perspective. Similarly, other scholars have also put emphasis on the importance of understanding ones self in relation to the perceptions of other people in explaining global citizenship (Noddings, 2005). Since global citizenship does not impart on the legal status, it is expressed well associatively in a distinct manner from the expressions of citizenship. This implies that global citizenship is the basis for individuals to work, live and act within transnational ethics that defy national sovereignty and boundaries, as well. Individual efforts to becoming a global citizen are voluntary and are thus based on subjective and fluctuating criteria. An individual may opt to take their role in the global arena out of free will. Besides, from and individual definition and understanding of global citizenship, one cannot be forced to respect and value social diversity that exist and varies from one country to another (Luis, 2010). A global social role has to originate from ones inner self and the desire of the self to pursue and view things from a wider world perspective. Another perspective of explaining the concept of global citizenship in based on the roles assumed by various individuals in the international arena. Such individual roles include global reformers, global business elite, global environmentalists, elite global merchants, political conscious regionalists and transnational activists. Each of these global based groups play an active role in fostering global citizenship. Although their roles may be diverse, their collective efforts are geared towards a global responsibility. The major role of global reformers is driving human kind towards one world. They drive the world as one by promoting peace and intense efforts to eradicate social injustices. Other reformers attempt to reach the entire world through various nongovernmental organizations. One such organization is Oxfam international which is aimed at promoting world peace, minimizing poverty levels and dealing with social injustices. Global reformers maintain that the world will soon become a global village give the pace of technological advancements. On the same point of view, people from different corners o the world can connect with each other via social media. The most common social media are Facebook, Twitter, Skype and MySpace. MySpace helps to view the globe from a business point of view by connecting enterprise and merchants through the internet (Darren, 2003). Another group of people are global elite. In specific terms, the global business elite view global citizenship from a business point of view. In this regard, global business elite are constantly seeking better ways of moving their economic ventures in around the globe. On the contrary, they do not seek to take up active global responsibilities. A major challenge that frustrates global business elites efforts is the wide scope of global corporate responsibility. Global corporate responsibility is discussed later in this paper (Lois, 2010). On the other hand, global environmental managers seek global problem solving collaboration. Such collaborations are aimed at dealing with large global concerns. These concerns include global warming as a result of destruction of the ozone layer. Global environmentalists promote a sustainable global environment by setting standards for industrialization. Industries are understood to be the core pollutants of the environment and destruction of the ozone layer. The ozone layer functions to filter and protect harmful sunrays from reaching the surface of the earth. Its destruction by air pollution allows such rays to each the globe thus causing excessive heating of the earth with extremely high temperatures. This is a world concern. Political global elites seek unexplored global community while transnational global activists assume global causes, which may include environmental and human rights protection (Tan, 2005). Explaining global citizenship limits global participation to the economically able. Global citizenship definition based on individual roles thus excludes the role of the poor and those who struggle to survive. Such explanation excludes a large majority of the world people. Lois (2010) provides a more comprehensive definition of citizenship that incorporates the conceptual categories of awareness, responsibility and participation. He defines global citizenship is the individual ability to b aware, take responsibility of their own action and participate by contributing towards a global unity. Awareness, as well as self awareness of the larger world is essential credentials in explaining good global citizenship. Self awareness is the key contributor to awareness. Similarly, awareness leads to recognition of ones global responsibilities as well as moral obligations, which are beyond ones environment. As a result, awareness of ones responsibility leads to participating to promote the global common welfare (Lois, 2010). Global citizenship explanation based on the above three categories of awareness, responsibility and participation offers a more structured way to approach global citizenship. This approach is thus successful for operationalizing the term in faculty led global programs. On the same note, awareness is the most basic of all the three; besides, it is the most realistic and attainable in the short term. A comprehensive global citizenship involves having an individual identity that cuts through various national borders and boundaries and commitment to the common welfare for all. In education, global citizenship aims at equipping students with the necessary knowledge and skills so that they can impact the world in a positive way. It encourages students to be responsible globally. Education for global citizenship is directed at developing students to become active global citizens. Students are taught to adopt the various different cultures in the world. On the same note, a global citizenship education views a global student as one who is well conversant with the wider world and is willing o take an active role as a global citizen. In addition, a global citizen respects and upholds diversity. The current world is diverse. It ranges from the most ancient cultures and traditional way of doing things to the current cultures, which various nation states have adopted today. Global education holds that for an individual to be a global citizen, they must recognize and appreciate diversity and focus on promoting peace and unity in diversity (Robert Katalin, 2011). On the same note, global education equips pupils at an early age with the necessary knowledge to understand how the world operates in different platforms. Such platforms include economically, culturally, politically, environmentally as well as technologically. Besides, global students are expected to take part in activities within a community with a range from local to global levels. By so doing, they are perceived to contribute in making the world a sustainable place. Outraged social injustice is an important trait portrayed by global minded students. Global citizens are accountable for their own actions. That is, they do not blame others for their own action. They are guided by learn think act approach to global citizenship. An individual is expected to earn from their mistakes and take the respective corrective measures (Janet, 2004). Global education institutions have succeeded in creating awareness of other cultures among students. Nevertheless, most international students have developed necessary awareness needed to be a global citizen. This explains why most international students are coping well in international schools. They develop social and interpersonal skills that help them relate with fellow students. On the point of view, global educational equips students with the basis essential skills to appreciate diversity and adapt to foreign cultures with ease. Corporate global citizenship requires businesses corporations to be accountable often referred to as corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility goes beyond considering the norms of the society within which the organization exist to upholding global world values. Global world values involve conservation of world environment. According to Ramon 2010, various businesses have taken corrective measures to check on air pollution to minimize chances of interfering with the ozone layer. Nonetheless, appropriate measure have been put in place to ensure that industrial waste is treated before dispatched to rivers. This ensures that water pollution is addressed to reduce water poising for both human and wild consumption (Samuel Walter, 2009). However, businesses still struggle with a number of world concerns relating to environment, population, poverty, social justice education and health. These concerns still affect nations wellbeing, effectiveness and the productivity of businesses. They also impact negatively on the quality o the world population. Borrowing from the above mentioned issues, businesses are rethinking on their role as global entities. Some are strategizing on how to redress environmental and human capital challenges. Currently, corporate global citizenship entails an understanding and awareness of the future global trends that can affect the world climate for doing business and the global populations quality of life. The business of corporate businesses has moved form the core driver and desire to maximize profits to upholding societal values. Businesses are now actively involved in fostering a sustainable working environment around the globe. Besides, for all multinational, upholding global values and being socially responsible is the key to surviving in the international market. One of the organizations that promote global citizenship is Oxfam International. According to Oxfam, growth in altitude as well as values is based on empathy for others and respect for diversity. On the same perspective, skill development is concentrated upon conflict resolution and critical thinking. Oxfam international also views global citizens as those who are aware of the wider world. Moreover, a global citizen understands how the wider world operates and knows their position and role in the globe. Oxfam further maintains that a global citizen is one who values and respects the many cultures of the world. Nevertheless, a global citizen, in both action and thought, does not support social injustice and is willing to participate in actions directed to counter inequity. As a worldwide organization aimed at minimizing poverty levels and eradicating injustice, Oxfam emphasizes on centers for human rights and the respective elements that need to be fostered in order to secure a greater social justice around the globe. Global citizenship is a wide concept that does not have a generally agreed upon definition. Its definition is derived from the various fields of study and defined according to the discipline of interest. Nevertheless, the major values of global citizenship for any entity are awareness, responsibility and participation.

Phrenology :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phrenology is basically the study of personality through the study of the shape of the skull. The basis of this theory is that the brain conforms to the shape of the head and its contours. This pseudoscience says that because we have isolated where different parts of personality come from we can tell how dominant this trait would be in a person’s life by the size of the piece of the brain. We have since proven that this theory is not true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franz Joseph Gall is considered to be the founder of the direct scientific link between the morphology of the skull and personality traits. Gall was one of the first scientists to consider the brain the home of all mental activities. His main work was called The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular. In this article he put forth five points that phrenology was based on in general. 1. That moral and intellectual faculties and innate. 2. That their exercise or manifestation depends on organization. 3. That the brain is an organ of all the propensities, sentiments, and faculties. 4. The brain is composed of many particular organs as there are different propensities, sentiments, and faculties which differ from one another. 5. That the form of the head or cranium represents the form of the brain, and thus represents the relative development of the brain organs. Gall linked the faculties with precise brain localizations through careful observation and expensive experimental measures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johann Spurzheim’s contribution to phrenology was also great. He helped Gall in a study of brain injuries with the phrenology concept Gall had created. He also studied many cases of aphasia following victim’s cranial injuries in battle. In 1832, he arrived in America, which was at that time desperate for insight into human personality, and started on a lecture circuit that eventually killed him only six months into it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While Spurzheim was in America he managed to inspire two young, frustrated evangelists whose names were Lorenzo Niles Fowler and Orson S. Fowler. These two are largely responsible for spreading phrenology throughout the country. They traveled from town to town carrying the truth of phrenology. They offered lectures, readings, and to evaluate the charteristics of total strangers through the bumps and valleys on their heads. Soon everyone from small-town folk to the rich and famous were getting readings. It became a fad throughout America.

Econ 248 Assignment 2

ECON 248 Assignment 2 1. The bank rate is the interest rate at which the Bank of Canada stands ready to lend reserves to chartered banks. The banker's deposit rate is the interest rate that the Bank of Canada pays banks on their deposits at the Bank of Canada. Changes to these rates by the Bank of Canada typically spread to other interest rates and therefore will influence the amount of lending done by the banks. An open market operation is the purchase or sale of government securities, which are government of Canada Treasury bills and bonds, in the open market by the Bank of Canada. These transactions done by the Bank of Canada change the reserves of the banks, which have an immediately impact on the amount of overnight borrowing. This enables the Bank of Canada to hit its overnight rate target. Government deposit shifting is the practice of shifting government deposits between the government's account at the Bank of Canada and its accounts at the various chartered banks. These shifts of deposits affects the banks' reserves, and therefore their ability to make overnight loans. Since this tool is typically used on a small scale to smooth daily fluctuations in the amount of overnight loans, its impact on the implementation of monetary policy is small. The required reserve ratio is the portion of depositors' balances banks must have on hand as cash, as determined by the central bank. The monetary policy of a required reserve ratio is no longer in use by the Bank of Canada. The Bank of Canada's policy tools work by changing the quantity of money in the economy, by changing the monetary base. By raising the bank rate, the Bank of Canada can make it more costly for the banks to borrow reserves. By raising the interest rate it pays the banks on their own deposits at the Bank of Canada, it can induce the banks to want to hold larger reserves. By selling securities in the open market, the Bank of Canada can decrease the monetary base. The Bank of Canada can also decrease bank reserves and the monetary base by switching some government of Canada deposits from a chartered bank to itself. These actions decrease the quantity of money, other things remaining the same. . L = (1 – 0. 35) X (1 – 0. 07) L = 0. 6 Quantity of money created = $50,000,000 X 1/(1 – 0. 6) Quantity of money created = $50,000,000 X 2. 5 Quantity of money created = $125,000,000 3. a) The multiplier is the amount by which a change in any component of autonomous expenditure is magnified or multiplied to determine the change that it generates in equilibrium expenditure and real GDP. Investmen t expenditures increase aggregate expenditure and real GDP. The increase in real GDP increases disposable income, which increases consumption expenditure. The increased consumption expenditure adds even more to aggregate expenditure. Real GDP and disposable income increase further, and so does consumption expenditure. The initial increase in investment brings an even bigger increase in aggregate expenditure because it induces an increase in consumption expenditure. The multiplier determines the magnitude of the increase in aggregate expenditure that results from an increase in investment or another component of autonomous expenditure. The greater the marginal propensity to consume, the larger is the multiplier. ) The marginal propensity to import and the marginal tax rate together with the marginal propensity to consume determine the multiplier. Their combined influence determines the slope of the aggregate expenditure curve. Since Multiplier = 1 / (1 – Slope of AE curve) and the marginal tax rate determines the extent to which income tax payments change when real GDP changes, the size of the multiplier will decrease depending o n the extent to which the marginal tax rate reduces the slope of the AE curve. ) The slope of the AE curve equals 0. 75 Multiplier = change in real GDP/change in investment = 1/(1-MPC) Multiplier = 1/(1-0. 75) = 1/0. 25 = 4 The revised slope of the AE curve equals 0. 45 Multiplier = change in real GDP/change in investment = 1/(1-Slope of AE curve) Multiplier = 1/(1-0. 45) = 1/0. 55 = 1. 818181812 4. a) Given that the increase in unemployment means a decrease in real GDP, and that consumer spending and investment spending reductions mean a fall in aggregate demand, the economy is in recession. This is due to a fall in aggregate demand, and the fall in investment may lead to higher costs of production in the future. b) In a recession, the number of people experiencing economic hardship increases, so induced transfer payments such as unemployment benefits and welfare benefits increase. Induced taxes and induced transfer payments decrease the multiplier effect of a change in autonomous expenditure such as investments, and moderate recessions making real GDP more stable. Discretionary fiscal policy would be used in an attempt to restore full employment. The government might increase its expenditure on goods and services, cut taxes, or do some of both, increasing aggregate demand. An increase in government expenditure or a cut in taxes increases aggregate expenditure as well. c) In a recession, the Bank of Canada will conduct an open market purchase to lower the interest rate. The quantity of investment will increase, and other interest-sensitive expenditure items will also increase. With an increase in aggregate expenditure, the multiplier increases aggregate demand, bringing real GDP to equal potential GDP, and a recession will be eliminated. . Keynesianism is loosely defined as the economic view that, left to itself, the economy may not fully employ the resources available, and that expansionary governmental action may be required to achieve full employment and growth. Monetarists, in contrast, think broadly that the principal economic task of government is to regulate the money supply, and in particular set limits to it, and that achievement of adequate levels of employment and growth can be left to the market. Historically, Keynesians avoured fiscal policy and monetarists favoured monetary policy as the tool for stabilizing aggregate demand. Today, the divide between the two schools on this issue has almost vanished. Monetarists favour a target growth rate for the quantity of money, and feel that not keeping money growth on target risks outbursts of inflation. Keynesians favour a target for the interest rate, and feel that aggregate demand can be controlled more accurately by preventing the interest rate from fluctuating too wildly, which it might do with strict targeting of the quantity of money and its growth rate. When real GDP falls below potential GDP, Keynesians feel that taking swift action to stimulate the economy by cutting the interest rate and increasing government expenditures is the most effective road to take. Monetarists feel the best that stabilization policy can do to achieve a high level and growth rate of real GDP is to keep inflation in check. Monetarists favour an inflation target at a low inflation rate. When the inflation rate rises, monetarists want swift action to slow it regardless of the state of real GDP. 6. a) 1000 tons of breadfruit / 500 tons of fish = 2 The opportunity cost of 1 unit of fish in Kiribati is 2 units of breadfruit. b) 750 tons of breadfruit / 1875 tons of fish = 0. 4 The opportunity cost of 1 unit of fish in Tuvalu is 0. 4 units of breadfruit. c) Tuvalu has a comparative advantage because it is able to produce fish at a lower opportunity cost than can Kiribati. d) Kiribati will import fish from Tuvalu because Tuvalu has the comparative advantage in the production of fish. 7. The three main arguments for protection and restricting international trade are i. the employment argument ii. the infant-industry argument iii. the dumping argument The employment argument is that if a country imports cheap foreign goods, local workers lose their jobs and become a drain on the welfare system, spending less, and causing a ripple effect of further job loss. The proposed solution is to ban imports of cheap foreign goods and to protect local jobs, but that proposal is flawed. Free trade does cost some jobs, but it also creates jobs. It brings about global rationalization of labour and allocates resources to their highest valued activities. Local jobs are lost, but jobs are created in the foreign countries that now produce those goods. The local workers who lost their jobs now have better paying jobs because export industries have expanded and created more jobs than have been destroyed. Another point is that imports create jobs. They create jobs for retailers that sell imported goods and for firms that service those goods. They also create jobs by creating incomes in the rest of the world, some of which are spent on imports of locally made goods and services. The infant-industry argument for protection is that it is necessary to protect a new industry to enable it to grow into a mature industry that can compete in world markets. The argument is based on the idea of dynamic comparative advantage, which can arise from learning-by-doing. Learning-by-doing is a powerful engine of productivity growth, and comparative advantage evolves and changes because of on-the-job experience. These facts, however, do not justify protection. The infant-industry argument is only valid if the benefits of learning-by-doing accrue not only to the owners and workers of the firms in the infant industry but also spill over to other industries and parts of the economy. Dumping occurs when a foreign firm sells its exports at a lower price than the price at which the product is normally sold in the foreign firm's domestic market. A firm that wants to gain global monopoly might use dumping, selling its output in the domestic market at a price that is low enough to drive domestic firms out of business. When the domestic firms are gone, the foreign firm takes advantage of its monopoly and charges a higher price for its products. This practice is the typical justification given for anti-dumping tariffs. There are reasons for resisting the dumping argument for protection. First, it is virtually impossible to detect dumping. The test for dumping is a weak one because it can be rational for a firm to charge a lower price in markets in which the quantity demanded is highly sensitive to price and a higher price in a market in which demand is less price-sensitive. Second, it is hard to think of a good that is produced by a natural global monopoly. Even if all the domestic firms in some industry were driven out of business, it would always be possible to find many alternative foreign sources of supply and to buy at prices determined in competitive markets. Third, if a good or service were a truly global natural monopoly, the best way to deal with it would be by regulation. Such regulation would require international cooperation. 8. a) Exports to the US would decrease due to lower demand because it would cost US importers more to purchase Canadian goods. b) Canadian importers would see a decrease in cost when importing machinery and equipment from US suppliers. c) Cross border shoppers would pay less for goods they purchase in the US. ) If the retired Canadians have US dollar bank accounts, the fluctuation of the Canadian dollar would likely have little effect on them. However, if they have Canadian dollar bank accounts or have Canadian currency, they can buy more with those Canadian dollars. 9. Current account Exports of goods and services+411 Imports of goods and services-378 Net transfers+3 Net interest payments-34 Current account balance+2 Capital account Foreign investment into Canada+22 Canadian investment abroad-35 Statistical di screpancy+10 Capital account balance-3 Official settlements account Official settlements account balance-1

SAGA VENEZUELEAN BOLIVAR FUERTE Essays

SAGA VENEZUELEAN BOLIVAR FUERTE Essays SAGA VENEZUELEAN BOLIVAR FUERTE Essay SAGA VENEZUELEAN BOLIVAR FUERTE Essay The saga of the Venezuelea Bolivar Fuerte QI : Why must a countrys currency must be devaluated? What is failing in the economy? First, the reason would be for stimulating the exports of goods=> more money in the country push the production, economy in general and employment rate and set premises for economic growth. Somewhere between 92 and 94% of export income in Venezuela comes from oil, and the money obtained heavily contribute to the local manufacturing development, and agriculture. By not pushing into this direction the predictable result will be that everything continues to be imported with US dollars => increase in prices => inflation ecurring devaluations. A steep devaluation of a country currency, would be a signal for foreigners to stop investing in the country due to speculations and uncertainty=> push interest rates for loans => increase unemployment and that leads to recession= > devaluation of the currency is not, by far, the best way to improve the economy. Q2: What benefit did the Venezuelean regime in power gain from the repeated devaluation of the bolivar? Venezuelan government devalued its bolivar currency several times between 2005 2010 but in 2011 also cut the preferential rates for food,medicine, and heavy achinery that enjoyed a preferential FX rate: 1BsF = 2. 60/$. The intentaion might be the stimulation of the local production instead of relaying heavily on imports. Although let out of controll the the devaluaton leads straight to years of recession. Venezuelean regime might also devaluing the BsF to avoid to take the inflationary hit (2011) although unfair for the population that was constrainted to accept a brutal increase in all prices, especially the ones for the ordinary food and medicine. The weeks before the devaluation, all the market was in shortages of everything and rices in a matter of a week have gone up six times. Tomatoes, were 5 BsF/ kilo at the local outdoor markets (known as the cheap place to buy fresh food ) and a week later theyd gone up 30 BsF/ kilo (from roughly $1. 5 to $7). l think the business community knew this was coming. Also people speculates that the stores and supermarkets owners held back the merchandise when rumors about devaluation burst and after prices increased they there is no shortage of anything next week if you can afford to pay the prices. Q3: By the time you read this you will know whether the analysts predicting the uture of the bolivar were correct. How did they do? Venezuela devalued its currency for the fifth time in 9 years, between 2003-2012 as President Hugo Chavez seeked to narrow a widening fiscal gap and reduce a shortage of dollars in the economy. The new exchange rate falls by 32% to 6. 3 Bolivar per dollar starting February 2013. The devaluation helped to reduce the budget deficit by increasing the amount of Bolivar the government receives from exports, especially oil. Venezuelas fiscal gap widened to 11% of GDP in 2012 from 4% in 2011, according to Moodys. Annual inflation accelerated to 22. in January, the fastest pace in eight months, led by a Jump in food prices. Prices decreased by 3. 3% in January after rising 3. 5% in December 2012. In the black market, the Bolivar weakened 6% to 19. 53 BsF per $, according to Lechuga Verde, a website that tracks the rates. The devaluation of the Bolivar created frustration and anger not only among the population and the politicians against Chavez, so called Opposition but even financial analys ts and newspapers pro Chavez agreed that devaluation of the Bolivar is a betrayal of the Bolivarian Revolution . Some opines that the betrayal consists in the government not having consulted with the people on the matter beforehand, especially after the people came out to support Chavez and the Bolivarian Process in October 2012 elections. Chavez was not elected President in 2013 but Nicolas Maduro former Minister of Foregin Affairs and Vice President won the elections. (Apr 2013) However population is not over yet the outrage of the devaluation and vote of punishment for the new president is not out of the question, said the analysts. Source: Internet, website articles Lechuga Verde [News

Redundant Object Pronouns in Spanish

Redundant Object Pronouns in Spanish Although by definition, pronouns are words that stand for nouns, it is common in Spanish to use a pronoun, particularly an object pronoun, in addition to the noun it stands for. Such use of redundant object pronouns occurs most commonly in the following situations. When the Object of a Verb Precedes the Verb Placing the object before the verb, while certainly common in Spanish (and possible in English to give a sentence literary flavor), can be at least slightly confusing to the listener. So placing a redundant object pronoun helps make it clearer which noun is the subject of the verb. The redundant object pronoun in these cases is mandatory or nearly so, even when the form of the verb (such as it being plural) might seem sufficient to indicate what the subject and object of the verb are. For example, in the sentence El buffet de desayuno lo tenemos de mià ©rcoles a domingo (We have the breakfast buffet from Wednesday to Sunday), buffet de desayuno is the object of the verb tenemos. The lo (which isnt translated but in this case would be the equivalent of it) is redundant but still required. Some examples, with the redundant object and pronoun in boldface: Al presidente le vamos a preguntar quà © es lo que ha ocurrido. Were going to ask the president what it is that has happened.La piscina la encontramos muy sucia. We found the swimming pool very dirty.Los instrumentos los compraron gracias al apoyo financiero de su madre. They bought the instruments thanks to the financial support of their mother. Youll probably come across the redundant object pronoun most often with gustar and verbs similar to gustar, which normally put the object ahead of the verb. Note that when these verbs are used, they are usually translated with the object in Spanish being the subject of the English translation. A Cristal le gusta estar rodeada de gente. Cristal likes to be surrounded by people.A Sakura le encantaba ir al parque a jugar. Sakura loved going to the park to play. To Provide Emphasis Sometimes, especially in Latin America, the redundant pronoun may be used even when the object appears after the verb in order to provide emphasis. For example, in Gracias a ella lo conocà ­ a à ©l (thanks to her, I met him), the lo remains even though the speaker added a à ©l to call attention to the person the speaker met. We might convey a similar thought in English by placing strong stress on him. When the Object of the Verb Is Todo   Although not required, todo (or its variations) as an object is sometimes accompanied by a redundant pronoun that matches it in number and gender. En sus ojos lo puedo ver todo. In your eyes I can see everything.Tengo mucha fà © que los van a rescatar a todos vivos. I have a lot of faith that they are going to rescue everyone alive. To Repeat the Object of a Verb in a Relative Clause   Sometimes people will use a grammatically unnecessary object pronoun in a relative clause (one that follows a  subordinate conjunction). For example, in Hay otros aspectos del gobierno que los aprendemos (There are other aspects of the government that we learned), the los isnt needed, but it helps link aprendemos to aspectos. This usage isnt particularly common and is sometimes considered grammatically incorrect.

Analyze rhythm of Let America Be America Again by Langston Hughes Essay

Analyze rhythm of Let America Be America Again by Langston Hughes - Essay Example After the first three stanzas, there is a couplet that is rhyming and after it, the rhyming scheme that is adopted in the first three stanzas changes. The poem contains the rhyming scheme of blues and jazz that is a special feature of Black poetry (Roberts and Jacobs 2007). Similarly, the words, â€Å"I am the† and many others are employed to create a rhythm in the poem. Moreover rhyming words are used in stanzas to create a rhythm with the help of rhyme such as â€Å"be and free†, â€Å"again and plain†, â€Å"love and above†, â€Å"sleek and weak†, â€Å"greed and need† and many more. The length of stanzas and lines vary in order to put stress on some lines. After seeing the poem, the poem also appears a free verse at many points as the rhyming pattern seems somehow absent with a little rhyme absent such as: In the above-mentioned stanza, only â€Å"me† and â€Å"be† are rhyming, remaining all the stanza is deprived of a rhyming scheme. The poem uses a lot of repetitive words such as â€Å"America†, â€Å"millions†, â€Å"Whose†, â€Å"all†, â€Å"And† and many phrases such as â€Å"Let it be† and â€Å"Who are you†. The author is unhappy about his land, America. To him, he is not allowed to get equal right for each and every field of life. Hughes writes the poem, â€Å"Let America Be America Again† from the perspective of a black man such as Whitman has written from his perspective. The tone of the poem is somewhat pessimistic as the author is not happy with the current condition of America and regards it as a changed state. Rhythm is also created because of the reiteration or recurrence of stresses and pauses. Hughes makes use of repeated anaphora. For example, in the first lines by making use of the repeated anaphora of â€Å"Let it be†, Hughes acknowledges the fact that America is not what it should be and informs the reader with his perspective in a

Case study description and analysis of SONY Corporation involved in Essay

Case study description and analysis of SONY Corporation involved in the production and distribution of products - Essay Example (Sony, 2008a) In line with the purpose of capturing the global markets, Sony Corporation established several affiliated companies to enable the company to smoothen out its global product distribution. (Sony, 2008b; Sony, 2008c) On the other hand, a group of affiliated Sony suppliers works together with the company to strengthen the company’s supply chain management within and outside Japan. For this study, the researcher will first discuss the theory and purpose of supply chain management. Eventually, the researcher will examine the impact of an effective supply chain management in the production process and product distribution of Sony PlayStation  ® 3. In the process of discussing the impact of supply chain management in Sony’s production line and product distribution, the researcher will analyze the impact of supply chain management strategies particularly the push and pull. Aside from discussing the impact of supply chain management to Sony’s operational performance, the researcher will mention a special circumstance which involves Sony’s operational activities followed by interpreting the relevance of these special circumstances to the company’s supply chain management strategies. Supply chain management is referring to the study of operational process flow that includes business activities related to the purchasing of raw materials, conversion of raw materials into intermediate or finished products as well as the distribution of these products to the end consumers. (Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals, 2008) Supply chain strategy adopted by a company normally varies from one to another depending on the specific business organization goal that is implemented by the members of its top management level. Given that the cost of storing a large amount of raw material inventories can be costly on the part of the company, the purchasing manager