Relation Between Social and Economic Development

Relation Between Social and Economic Development Introduction Social scientists for the financial management has been the major crucial aspect to achieve goal of both social and economic development. Some of the debates regarding the role of social worker/scientists and international aid supporting organization are core for this assignment. Individual’s basic needs required to fulfilled and institutional set up are complementary to each other. Hence, in order to gain the both development paradigm from one stone, the various strategies to be used. The important cycle for the achievement of organization’s goals have neen illustrated in the assignment. Social Development and Foreign Policy Social Development and economic development has been complementary and interrelated to each other. Social development implies that institutions must put people at the center of development activities. it means a commitment that development processes need to benefit people, particularly but not only the poor, but also a recognition that people, and the way they interact in groups and society, and the norms that facilitates such interaction, shape development processes. Social structures has been constructed in such way in which all people interact with and get influenced by each other. Hence, there needs to be such agencies which will look for social development as well wellbeing of individual. This must be achieved other developmental activities such as economic development and financial management. The financial management is all about efficient and effective management of money so as to achieve the goal or objective of the agency. Therefore, we require to have balance growth of bot h the sector so as to develop both sector effectively. There have been many studies which suggests that there are temporary imbalances in both sector. It is difficult to defend this on purely moral grounds, may be necessary in order to provide man-power where it can make the maximum contribution and create new resources for a comprehensive development of the entire country as well as the wellbeing of individual. They can be defended on the ground that they will advance social development rather than retarding it. There have been other studies which are indicating and suggesting that there are some negative attitudes from the government bodies and they are not responsive to the needs of enlightened foreign policy, for the simple reason that they will say, they are not responsive to the aspirations and interest of people where we are seeking friendship and cooperation for the betterment of the social and economic resource management. There are some strens and stresses while working on imbalanced sectors. For the instance, population exploration has been the major cause to the distribution of resources and management of the agency. Hence we see people with bare subsistence levels in developing and under-developed countries. As far as food production is concerned, world’s production of food has in recent years exceeded the growth of population. However, there has been increasingly slowdown in food production. Every year the gap between demand and supply has been increasing. This is seen where countries economy is less developed or under-developed. The results of this of situation have visible in those counties in which malnutrition rates are high and threats are prevailing for human life. Now, it is essential for all of us to understand that Economic approach be made meaningful by the recognition that the purpose of all economic development is the wellbeing of the individual, the satisfaction of his wants, his his/her growth inn dignity and freedom. In, almost every, policy the word masses have gained effective attention in all the counties. The study done in â€Å"social development and financial development† tell us that the word â€Å"the masses† is nothing but the denial of dignity of the individual and his ability to develop according to his/her gifts and aspirations. Hence, this word is not only meant for those who are poor absolutely but for relatively poor as well. Therefore, it must be made clear that it is not the development of the poor section but for all the sections of the society. The social development aspect cannot achieved only through the fund allocations to many social policies but need an hour is to manage the human resources as well as management of money. Economic development cannot be gained without the balanced growth of social development. Therefore, methods used in economic and social development cannot be divorced from the overriding social objective without destroying the objective itself. Planning – The social approach and economic approach to free world needs attention on careful planning. There are some developed countries which require such approach while aiding developing as well as under-developed countries. Over all development has to be planned to distribute scarce resources and to give purpose as well as perceptions to economic and social development. There are some less privileged countries with vast human resource and they must be encouraged to stress human investment. The human development in the development process and the importance of human qualities which motivates economic growth and efficiency. In order to adopt such processes developed counties must help other countries to motivate and make self-sufficient. In most of the planning processes, people are not involved effectively. To adapt such changes in processes we need to give some sort of share to the people in whole process. This will result in to self-initiative, self-realization and the will to improvement to the fore, and to achieve voluntary commitment in the less developed counties could be achieved. This has been strongly believed that we should not use totalitarian approach to planning in achieving social as well as economic development. This approach tries to minimize or even eliminate the human factor from the planning process. â€Å"The recognitions of individual advance and social development as the ultimate objective of all economic development, has direct bearing on the establishment of concrete development plans which, while flexible and always open to needed adjustments, can give direction and perspective to national development efforts.† This is why, it is needed to understand that the social programs and economic programs are interrelated. For the better implementation and policy framework for the balanced growth between social and economic management, there have been various commits, rounds and discourses among developed nations. Among them, Economic commission for Asia underlined the fact that â€Å"balanced economic and social development aimed at a better understanding of the relative importance of economic and social programs in the overall development of less developed counties, their relationships and complementarity, the allocation of scarce resource for social as contrasted with economic purposes and the coordination of programs to achieve maximum results in both fields.† With the various experiences that under-developed countries and less privileged counties are facing, the conclusion are made like there is growing agreement on that priority should be given to economic aspects but with early social impact and to social programme designed to advance economic growth. Similarly, social programs require to be developed which will again have vice-versa effect on economic development. These programs includes education, health, the development of improved labor relations and organization and the establishment of minimum wages whatever possible. The application of such programs will have positive impact on economic development. Once people benefit out of this they will contribute to the economic development. It could be through investing their intellectual capacities, physical work, individual resources etc. for the instance that in terms of less span of planning, limited resources have to be concentrated, deliberately on primary education for the part of children of school age. These children are the future resources to the country as to preserve resources for secondary and higher education. Within this if we take one element of this, those children would be undertaking vocation and technical types of courses to meet pressing requirement for the train ed personnel. This way social development and financial/economic management work. As the demand for more production is growing, along the line population is also exploding. Planner need to convey and plan in such manner in which all people would be considered major actors in economic development. The number of teachers or social worker who are serving for the western countries have contributed or expanded the programme Technical Assistance on very low rate. This factor gathers the attentions of all developing nations. The more contradictory factor is that social worker and social scientists play very minor role in the policy making bodies of the less developed counties or among those who are responsible for international aid programs. There is no problem with foreign aid programs or the relations with the countries but the methodology, which we adopt require more advanced forms of specialist training and much emphasis has to be given on degrees and professions standards. â€Å"This preoccupation and emphasis is undoubtedly important, but unless it is balanced by training in the broad issues of economic and social development which confront two thirds of the people of the world, it tends to isolate the social work expert from the broad stream of historical change. It may even result in a form of parochialism which may prevent the great social work profession in such a country as the United States from making the contribution it should to social development throughout the world.† Meeting Basic Human Needs Several question has been asked to the kind of approach is used to social development approach Wealth has not been trickled down and the poor have become poorer. In the reality, developed countries support the aid system for developing countries. This interdependence is affecting fuel, food, materials and jobs. This realities has forced developed countries to reconsider their own growth and developmental directions. The development is conceptualized in such way which indicates that it is the complex process of enlarging human potentials via social, cultural and political change as well as economic. It is not restricted to the so called developing countries but involves all nations. Therefore, â€Å"development is interdependent; but self-reliance and self-determination are essential conditions within the sustaining framework of international cooperation. Development is to meet the needs of people. The central purpose of economic and social development is to meet human needs. The sat isfaction of human needs is indeed the whole purpose of growth, trade and investment, development assistance, the world food system, population, policy, energy planning, commodity stabilization, ocean management, monetary reform and of arms control. The developing countries are now forced to extend its conventional approach of governmental groups to include new sets of actors and participants in the development dialogue. They are loosely organized in a variety of people and their networks at non-governmental, associational, regional and national levels. Needs and their satisfactions are socially and culturally conditioned and exhibit different con-figurations in different societies, cultures, and regions. Therefore the definition of adequacy may vary but there can be rough agreement on levels below which individual physical, social, and cultural growth is attenuated. There have been agreed floor through which public policies have been formulated. There is consensus among policy makers on the standards of living. But we need to consider the difference in the standards according to the context and situation. This is why some people are responsive well and some are not. Some people are getting benefit of policies whereas others not. The problems of absolute poverty, of those more or less close to the survival margins in the satisfaction of basic needs, are chiefly found in the developing countries where there are very large numbers of people at and below subsistence level. One can say that there are enough resources at the global level to meet the basic needs of all people but due to obstacles of institutional, political and economic arrangements, the resources have not been getting distributed across the world. A more equitable redistribution of world economic advantage within the international economic order is a necessary for more balanced development, specifically to meet the challenge of the needs of the worlds poorest billion. The interdependence and interaction of needs requires an equivalent integration of the approaches and means used to meet them. International Support system to Basic Human needs Many Third World observers wish to define their own needs and not be mere consumers of Western civilization; accordingly, they reject needs models fashioned by First World experts. In many non-modern societies, the organizing principle around which its economic activities revolve is the maintenance of harmony with nature, allied to social cohesion around kinship rules for the use of property and the sharing of goods. The organizing principle of centralized socialist states is a politically determined plan, and any use of auxiliary controls price stimuli or managerial emulationis subordinated to fulfilling the planned targets. Problems arise because centralized plans do not Role of Social Scientist – Governments at State and Federal levels have created several permanent corporations, commissions, councils, boards, bureaus, agencies, and authorities whether it is about education, health, industrial public enterprises, infrastructural development, financial architecture or welfare schemes where social science experts are playing theirrespective roles. But more importantly, for example, agriculture experts, say in farmers’ commission, are developing and using their social understanding besides their scientific knowledge. The governments keep setting up ad hoc commissions and committees like finance commission, education commission, knowledge commission and pay commission and taxation reforms committees for seeking expert opinion before taking a decision to have impact of permanent nature and experts include social scientists and scientists having social science understanding. In case there exists a policy for setting up an industrial unit in the public sector in a backward re gion with a view to promoting balanced regional development, which maybe an important element of the economic policy, expert opinion is needed to decide its form as a departmental enterprise, a corporation or a company, whether to have partnership with a private company and if so, sharing capital, costs, revenues and risks. Within each economic organization, especially if related with promotional activities, social scientists, especially those having knowledge of economics are needed whether it is related with trade, production or distribution. Whether to borrow capital and where from is an issue better delineated by financial experts. It is another issue that in recent past engineers have specialized in the area of finance. Likewise they may advise on insurance matters etc. Banks, non-banking financial institutions such as mutual funds and insurance companies employ economists to carry out research on sector specific aspects as well as on macroeconomic aspects of the economy in order to help them inbetter decision-making. When a project has to be undertaken say of building a dam one may ask whether a road can be built over it and whether a rail bridge can be built on top of the road, whetherthe dam should be used for irrigation purposes or should it generate power as well. Catchments and command areas, submergence of villages, land, forests, flora and fauna have all to be studied and, in addition, whether it is worth relocating the people affected and securing them equivalent livelihood options and on the top of all whether it will affect their social and cultural milieu and whether change is so drastic as to alienate them from the State. Whether these decisions will be compatible with various proclaimed policies of the State, is again an issue to be squarely dealt with. A variety of social science inputs would be needed in such exercises. Governments have created specialized cadres for economics, trade and statistics. They always had those in judiciary, health, education and forests. Everywhere social science specialists, including management experts are playing their respective roles. Multilateral organizations are often banking upon social science professionals for their activities. All the United Nations expert bodies and other multilateral bodies, including non-governmental international organizations seek involvement of economists, sociologists and anthropologists. The World Bank consults various social scientists and keeps some of them on payroll to understand the likely impacts of the projects it undertakes and sponsors from the point of view of tribes, weaker sections and environment. Likewise other agencies involved in funding like ADB or providing liquidity like IMF do consult social scientists though sometime we have reservations on their decisions. WTO and WIPO run their training programs for educating government officials, scholars and others on social science related material—economics and law, understanding the issue’s, approaching power, negotiation and bargain. In addition,in administration of projects they would need people from accounting, management, law and social work background. Role of social sciences and social scientists seems to be all-pervading in decision-making at any level. Every society follow some rules and re gulation which is made by some specific social advisor. Some time it is necessary for the society development and some time it is need for guidance. For the development of every society or nation we need some policy which is basically done by social scientist. Some policy is very much necessary Public policy is an affirmation of positive actions and negative sanctions, executed through legislative, executive and administrative channels by a government often in pursuance of the constitutional directives whose interpretation may change in the course of time due to change in ethos. The set of actions and sanctions is often chosen from the set of possible alternatives, which may subserve the same set of objectives. There can be an agricultural/farm policy as well as an industrial policy. There can be a policy on telecom and on films. There can be an employment policy and there can be a policy on reservation of jobs for certain sections of society for certain categories of jobs. But ther e can be a prohibition policy or on consumption of tobacco and there can be one littering. In simply means public policies are broad commitments and guidelines for political and bureaucratic executive in certain areas needing intervention. Chosen policies purportedly optimum in certain terms. With change in ethos things may change. For example, the same set of Directive Principles is now used to justify the policies.

Biography Of Three Leaders History Essay

Biography Of Three Leaders History Essay Lim Goh Tong, founder of Genting Highland, was born in 1918 in Anxi, southeastern Fujian province, China. He was the fifth child in his family. Times were bad back then during Xinhai Revolution. However, he was brought up peacefully and had the chance to go to school. When he was 16, his father passed away. He had no choice but to leave school, he and his elder brother had to work to feed the family. As China situation did not seems any better, he followed his cousin, Lim Kheng Chongs footstep to left China to Malaya in 1934 and worked for his uncle as a carpenter. Lim Goh Tong had a low extraversion personality. He was an introvert and a passive teenager. When he first came to Malaysia when he was 20, he was very shy, introvert and sensitive. He was also emotionally unstable and had a hard time getting along with people. However, when he returned to China which was 1940 and came back later the year, he tend to change a lot, he became more optimistic, positive and assertive in making his own future. He was also a person with high consciousness personality. He was organized, ambitious, hardworking and responsible. He was a very discipline man. He always got up early in the morning. Besides that, whenever he had an appointment or a meeting, he liked to be punctual or arrived early before it started. Moreover, he organized his daily life orderly, he always carried a small note book with him and whenever he thought of something, he would write it down. Last but not least, he always did things on his own without needing other to remind him of it. Lim Goh Tong was a task-oriented leader. He was the one who took change and providing direction to subordinates about what they had to do to get the job done. When he first got the approvals from the governments, he began his extremely large project which was the contruction of Genting Highlands. Despite many problems occurred during the construction, Lim Goh Tong managed to solve all of it and got the job done even though he had to spend all he had without any income. Lim Goh Tong was an ethical leader. He loved to help people, especially those with problems. Whenever people with financial problem went to him for help, he would never turn his back on them. He would do anything he could to help these people. He was a poor man once and he knew the feeling of being poor and no one is willing to help. From what I learnt, Lim Goh Tong was a great man and also a great leader. he taught us to be polite, humble and respectful to others. Besides that, we must believe in ourselves, if we think it is the right thing to do, just go ahead and do it. He also taught me to trust people if I wanted to work with them, because in the end, there are two things I will get, a really good friend or a life time experience. Caucasian leader Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born on 20th April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary, the fourth out of six children in his family. He became a politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party also known as the Nazi Party in 1921. He was then became the Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as Fuhrer of Germany from 1934 to 1945. At the start of World War Two, Hitler showed low agreeableness personality. Hitler was very aggressive and within three years, under his lead, his armies had occupied most of Europe, and most of Northern Africa, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean. His armies also known as the Nazi forces engaged in many violent acts during the war. Some of them are: the systematic murder of as many as 17 million civilians which included as estimated six million Jews targeted in the Holocaust and between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma, Poles, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war, people with disabilities, homosexuals, and other politic al and religious opponents. Almost to the end of World War Two, Hitler showed high neuroticism personality. By late 1944, the Soviet army had forced the Germans back into Central Europe and on the other side, Western Allies were advancing into Germany. He then realized that Germany had lost the war. He ordered his men to destroy all German industrial infrastructures before it fall into Allied hands. In April 1945, Soviet forces attacked Berlin. Hitlers followers wanted him to flee to the mountains of Bavaria but he was wanted to stay in the capital. He then ordered his Twelfth Army which was fighting at the west to come to Berlin. By the end of the day on 27th April, Berlin was completely cut off from the rest of Germany. On 28th April, he discovered that one of his SS leaders Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies. Worrying he might succeed, Hitler ordered an arrest on him and had his representative prosecuted. Later that day, his general reported that his army was not a ble to attacks towards Berlin. On the 30th April 1945, when the Soviet were few blocks away, feared of being captured, Hitler committed suicide and his new bride, Eva Braun, joined him in suicide. Their bodies were then doused in gasoline by his followers and cremated as the Soviet was advancing. The Hersey and Blachards situation theory is used by Hitler during World War Two. His relationship with his men were good, they respected him and had high confidence that Hitler will lead them to win the war. His men were able and willing to fight for him which was why within three years, Germany and the Axis powers had occupied most of Europe, and most of Northern Africa, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean. Adolf Hitler was an unethical leader as he was considered cold hearted and brutal. During the World War Two, he was responsible for the Holocaust that was the most known example for mass murder. It was the genocide of an estimate of six million European Jews. They were killed in the extermination camps that were concentration camps built by the Hitlers Nazi Forces to kill millions by using gas. I learnt that we should take failure as challenge for us to improve and not as a drawback. Besides that, we are living in a multicultural world; we should learn to tolerate other culture in order to live in peace. Last but not least, we should take responsible for what we had done and face problem with courage. Non-Caucasian leader Liu Bei Liu Bei, one of the warlords during the Three Kingdom era, was born in 161 in a place called Zhua Commandery. Liu grew up in a poor family. When he was still a kid, his father passed away, he and his mother sold shoes and straw mats to support themselves. Even so he was a child, he was very ambitious. He once told his friends that he would become an emperor. When he was 14, he was recognized for his potential in being a leader, went to study under a scholar called Lu Zhi. Even when he was young, he showed high conscientiousness personality. When he grew older, during the Yellow Turban Rebellion, he gathered a group of volunteer army to help the government forces to suppress the rebellion. This was when he met Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, two of his most loyal and outstanding followers. Liu and his army won several battles against the rebel. He was then appointed Prefect of Anxi, however, he resigned after refusing to pay bribes to a corrupted inspector. Liu Bei also had a high agreeableness personality. He was kind, friendly, generous and also helpful. During hard times, he would make grass shoes for his followers to wear, this action gained himself lots of trust and loyal from his followers. he Liu Bei was a relationship-oriented leader. His relationship with his followers was very good. A lot of talented men came to serve Liu, for instance, Zhuge Liang and also the famous Five Tiger Generals. People came to him and served him willingly because he was widely known as kind hearted and humane leader who cared for his people. Liu Bei was well known as a humane ruler during The Three Kingdom era. He cared about his people and would do whatever to protect them. For instance,during the time when Liu was retreating from Fancheng, many refugees followed him to Chang Ban. The refugees were slowing down his troop while Cao Caos army was not far behind. Instead of leaving them behind, he ordered his troops to protect the refugees. This showed the Liu Bei was an ethical leader. Liu Bei was one of the great lords of The Three Kingdoms. His friendly and passionate personality lead him to success, this is what I learnt from him. Besides that, he made me realized that friends is always there for you, during The Three Kingdom, Liu Beis comrades helped him became a successful emperor. Besides that, Liu Bei was defected times after times before he became a successful emperor, therefore, I should never give up on things that I think is right.

Cold War and Its Effects Essay -- World History

The end of the cold war signified a new era of history that has changed the entire world. The face of Europe and Asia has changed dramatically. Vast changes have been felt socially, politically, and especially economically. Also the effect the cold war had on foreign policy was paramount. The effect of these changes is not only felt across the ocean but can be felt here in America. The goal of this paper is to define what the cold war specifically was, and reflect upon the various choices throughout the world as a result of the end of the cold war. The cold war was a period of time in which the United States was the world power in the western world. The Soviet Union (now Russia) was the leading power in the eastern world. While this would seem typical in any planet to have two world powers this case is extremely interesting because they had different governmental structures that were completely the opposite. On one hand there was America. We are a free market economy that is defined as being capitalist. Capitalism is a social and political system that means every person must fend for themselves. This is true economically and politically. Each individual has the ability to do whatever they choose with their life. They can make their own choices, and move wherever they want. While there are laws, the government has no say so over things that we take for granted everyday such as freedom of expression, religion, the right to bear arms, and even march down the street in support of the Ku Klux Klan if you so choose! The Soviet Union at that time was represented by a form of governmental control called communism. Communism was formed by a man named Karl Marx. The belief is that the government should control ev... ... It all comes down to choice. After the Cuban missile crisis ended both superpowers realized the severe consequences of nuclear war. They knew the implications involved, and religion was not the issue. The Russian government suppressed it to an extent. It was humanity. What good would it do to blow up the earth? What good did it do to drop atomic bombs on Japan? Imagine what Bush felt on Sept. 11 and the choices he made to vow that this would not happen again. These are all choices that countries think about everyday, and the cold war is the latest and most powerful example of something that almost ended the world. References: http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/03so/03sowall.htm, "After the Cold War", by Mitchell B. Wallerstein, 11 pages. Twentieth Century World History, by William J. Duikker, 1999, Wadsworth Publishing, page 337 and page 166.

William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay examples -- Papers Romeo

William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet In the love story about Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is an important character as all the events are based on his actions. Romeo the son of Montague falls in love with Juliet the daughter of lord and lady Capulet, this creates a grave problem as the Capulet's and Montague's have had a feud this has been festered for a long time. The impression I get of Romeo when he first comes on to the scene is that he sad and miserable he also shows emotion with his words it is as if he intends on keeping himself to himself. "Many a morning hath he there been seen, with tears augmenting the fresh morning's dew." Lord Montague also says that "Away from the light steels home from my heavy son." This shows that Romeo is secretive and keeps away from daylight. This also shows that Romeo is trying to hide away from people as he has been seen in the early morning looking sad and even crying. "So secret and so close" Romeo won't tell anyone what is wrong with him. Benvolio also makes his way to speak to him but even though he saw him he turned and walked off. "Towards him I made but he was ware of me and stole off into the convent of the wood." When Romeo appears he looks sad and miserable, he says to benvolio "Sad hours seem long." Romeos hours seem long because he is in love and the lady he loves doesn't love him back this makes him feel miserable as time is dragging on. Romeo also says that "Out of her favour where I am in love" This shows that Romeo is love sick for this girl but she doesn't want to give him anything in return, due to this he cannot forget his love ... ...on his enemy. Later on after the party had finished Romeo sneaked to see Juliet. When Romeo sees Juliet on the balcony talking to herself about Romeo how she loves him but how it impossible for them to be as both of their families are having a feud. Romeo decides to listen you her before replying "Call me but 'love' and I'm be new baptised henceforth I never be Romeo" When Romeo says this to Juliet he suggests to her that hew is prepared to deny his name and his family if she will love him. Romeo also tells Juliet how love overcomes all obstacles, he says that "With love's light wings did I o'eperch these walls for stony limits cannot hold love out" By saying this to Juliet Romeo also tells her that he is risking his life coming to her this shows that Romeo is brave and would do anything for love.

Government and Politics - The Benefits of Federalism :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Government and Politics - The Benefits of Federalism In the early days of the United States, it was obvious to many that a system combining both federalism and representative democracy was needed. According to the textbook, â€Å"the people were too widely dispersed, and the country’s transportation and communication systems too primitive to be governed [solely] from a central location† (pg. 58). Although today both communication and transportation are highly advanced, America still maintains a federal system. The driving force behind that system is our increasingly expanding diversity. The United States ranks fourth in the world in size (www.stats.demon.nl/chart.area25.htm) and third in population (www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbrank.html). There are 213 languages spoken in America (www.sil.org/ethnologue/countries/USA.html) and probably just as many religions practiced. Federalism is the method by which this diverse population is better represented in the democracy of the United States. The national government makes many important decisions that impact our daily lives; however, there are some issues on which the opinion of the American public varies widely. In our federal system, the states are usually responsible for making policies that involve social, family, and moral/religious issues. This is one of the most important advantages of a federal system. The decentralization of the government allows the desires and needs of smaller groups of people to be acknowledged and fulfilled at the local level. Californians differ in many ways from residents of Arkansas who differ greatly from Alaskans. Variations in culture and lifestyle create needs for different political policies. A large, single, centralized government would be unable to make efficient social policies that were compatible with the convictions of a majority of America’s diverse groups. However, the national government still has enough power, through a system of checks and balances , to obliterate local policies that infringe upon the human rights of smaller factions. Federalism is not, of course, without disadvantages. To begin with, more levels of government equal a larger bureaucracy with many more people involved in the decision-making process. This provides more opportunities for corrupt government officials. Federalism also means that a complex tax system must exist so that each level of government receives funds from those in its jurisdiction in order to carry out laws and policies.

It’s All About the Law †English Language Learners Essay

Are English language learners a new population? Researchers would like us to believe so but the reality is that they are actually a complex group of students, full of diversity in their educational needs, backgrounds, languages, and goals, who have been coming to the United States for years. An English language learner is a person that is from another culture that has come to the United States to live, learn, become educated and find a career. The United States is known as the melting pot of the world and we will continue to have people of other cultures coming to our country. Most of these immigrants speak different languages. You can walk down the street of most U. S cities and hear Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Spanish and other languages. Laws today provide all students in the United States equal access to a quality education no matter what their culture or background may be. Voter driven initiatives and laws have brought about many changes in education in our schools today in regards to our English language learners and how they are taught and expected to learn. Over the last 40 years we have seen legislative decisions that have shaped education in the United States. In just the last 15 years the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Massachusetts and Oregon have debated and asked their voters to make decisions regarding the education of ELLs (Mora, 2009). The states of California (1998), Arizona (2000) and Massachusetts (2002) have actually passed laws for English language learners to be put in programs called Structured English Immersion (SEI). Colorado (2002) and Oregon (2008) rejected initiatives on their ballots. (Mora, 2009). The voters in these states were against the dismissal of bilingual education. So what did these three states do for their ELLs? California was the leader of the pack. Their initiative, led by English for the Children, advocated that English learners be taught only in English. Their opposition argued that bilingual children could not learn English as well as other subjects such as Science, Math and Social Studies without the use of bilingual education. The voters of California decided that the English for the Children group was correct in saying that students would learn best by being immersed in English Instruction (GCU, n. ) and so SEI (Structured English Immersion) was born. Arizona was next to follow in the path of California but with their initiatives allowed for even less opportunity for bilingual programs. Arizona’s English-only initiative, Proposition 203 (2000), arrived in the midst of a lawsuit in Nogales, AZ. The Flores family was suing the state of Arizona for not providing adequate learning opportunities for their children (Flores v. Arizona , 2000). (GCU, n. d). The passing of Proposition 203 and the eventual decision to the Flores v. Arizona case led to Arizona requiring that all current certified personnel had to acquire an SEI endorsement by August 2009 in order to keep their certification. Arizona Proposition 203 along with California Proposition 227 restricted the access of bilingual education to language-minority students (Mora, 2002). When Massachusetts followed in 2002, Structured English Immersion was alive and well across the country in California and Arizona. The English for Children group had no trouble convincing the voters of Massachusetts to pass their own SEI initiative. GCU, n. d. ) What all of these initiatives and laws did was require schools to teach their ELL students only in English by following a SEI plan. When the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act came about in 2001 they too looked at ELL students and chose to remove the word bilingual from their policies and make schools accountable for showing adequate progress from all of their students in the English language. Have we solved the issues of students from other cultures who are learning English? Have we made teaching ELLs easier for our schools and teachers? These are questions I feel we will be asking for years to come. As people continue to migrate into our country we will focus on educating their children so they can be successful in the United States. As educators we will use all the resources we have to help and guide them in learning the English language. We will strive for them to be successful as dictated by the policies of NCLB. Will we, as educators, be successful? With some students we will, and with others we will not. But this would be the case with any student no matter their culture or background. History shows that we will even have American children who will not be successful no matter what we do and others that will rise to the top to be great leaders. Initiatives and laws don’t make better teachers, they don’t make better students, they don’t make better schools but they do establish guidelines so that each child is receiving an equal opportunity. In the United States we will continue to provide all of our students an equal education.

Health and Safety Qcf Level 5 1.1

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the major piece of the health and safety legislation in Great Britain. It provides the legal framework to promote, stimulate and encourage high standards. The Act, when first introduced, provided an integrated system dealing with workplace health and safety and the protection of the public from work activities. By placing general duties upon employees, employers, the self-employed, manufacturers, designers and importers of work equipment and materials, the protection of the law, rights and responsibilities are available and given to all at work.Regulations made under the Act have the same scope and provide the potential to achieve clear and uniform standards. Examples of such regulations are: The Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1999The Workplace (Health, Safety & Welfare) Regulations 1992 Other health and safety legislation includes: Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 – provide a framework for first aid ar rangements in the workplace.The regulations require provision of adequate and appropriate first aid equipment and trained personnel so that first aid can be administered to employees. Electricity – Electricity at Work Regulations 1989: Electricity can kill. Each year about 1000 accidents at work involve electric shock or burns are reported to the Health and Safety Executive Manual Handling – The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992: Lifting and moving loads manually is the biggest cause of injury, so it is important to make use of any lifting equipment that is provided.In regards to fire, employers must carry out a fire safety risk assessment and keep it up to date. This shares the same approach as health and safety risk assessments and can be carried out either as part of an overall risk assessment or as a separate exercise. Based on the findings of the assessment, employers need to ensure that adequate and appropriate fire safety measures are in place to minim ise the risk of injury or loss of life in the event of a fire.To help prevent fire in the workplace, your risk assessment should identify what could cause a fire to start, i. e. sources of ignition (heat or sparks) and substances that burn, and the people who may be at risk. Once you have identified the risks, you can take appropriate action to control them. For businesses employing five or more people, there must also be: an official record of what the assessment finds (your employer has to put plans in place to deal with the isks) and a formal health and safety policy which include arrangements to protect your health and safety In Northern Ireland we have The Health and Safety at Work (NI) Order 1987 Duties of Employers: An employer has a general duty to, as far as is reasonably practicable, safeguard the health, safety and welfare of employees by ensuring plant and equipment are safe: safe handling, storage, maintenance and transport of articles and substances: provision for empl oyees of information, instruction, training and supervision: a safe working environment and adequate welfare facilities: safe access and exit: and a safe system of work The reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995: (RIDDOR) The Regulations cover employees, self-employed people, members of the public and other people who die or suffer injuries or conditions listed in the regulations as a result of work activities. The arrangements for reporting accidents changed on 1st April 2001. There is now a simplified procedure to report all cases to a single point, the Incident Contact Centre. Employers have a duty to report incidents that lead to staff being off work for seven days or more. On the 1st of April 2013 this will change to 3 days.The Health and Safety Executive NI are responsible for enforcing health and safety at work and aim to influence the development of appropriate codes, standards or guidance, through the provision of operational intelligence (from inspection and investigation) Failure to comply with these requirements can have serious consequences – for both organisations and individuals. Sanctions include fines, imprisonment and disqualification. If a health and safety offence is committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of, any director, manager, secretary or other similar officer of the organisation, then that person (as well as the organisation) can be prosecuted under section 37 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.